Page 10 - Hướng Dẫn Thi THPT Quốc Gia Môn Văn

Dieu nay dugc the Men a ch6 ngay ckng c6 nhieu nuac tham gia PISA trong do c6 Viet Nam.
Tir ket qua danh gia ciia PISA ve trinh do doc hieu ciia hoc sinh nuac minh, Viet Nam
cung nhu cac nuac deu c6 sir dieu chinh nhat djnh de viec day hoc doc hieu trong nha
tnrang pho thong phii hop vai thirc tiln va bat kip xu the quoc te.
Theo GS.TS. Nguyin Thanh Hiing: "Doc - hieu la khai niem bao trum c6 noi dung
quan trong trong qua trinh day hoc van"; "Doc - hieu la mot khai niem khoa hoc chi ra
miic do cao nhdt cua hoat dong doc; doc - hieu dong thai cung chi ra nang lire van cua
nguai doc"'. "Doc hieu la pham tru khoa hoc trong nghien cuu va giang day van hoe.
Ban than no la khai niem c6 quan he vai nang lire doc, hoat dong doc, ki nang doe de
k
nam vung y nghia cua van ban nghe thuat ngon tir. Doc chinh xae thi hieu diing. Doc i,
doc phan tich thi hieu sau. Doe trai nghiem tham mi thi hieu dugc ve dep nhan tinh.
l
Doc sau, dgc sang tao thi hieu dugc cai mod"". Tac gia da di vao i giai ngi ham cua "hieu":
"Hieu la phat hien va nam vung moi lien he cua cac sir vat, hien tugng, doi tugng nao do
va y nghla ciia cac moi quan he do. Hieu la bao quat het ngi dung v^ c6 the van dung
\ko doi song. Hieu tue la phai tra loi dugc cac cau hoi: gi?, Nhu the nao?, Vi sao?.
Lam nhu the nao?. Do la biet va lam trong dgc hieu... Hieu la qua tiinh nhan thue van
ban toan ven"^. Tir do, tac gia neu len nhung ngi dung can "hieu" trong tac pham van hge
vai cac tieu chi cu the:
"1. Kham pha y nghia ngi dung ehiia dung trong van ban. Y nghia n^y do tac gia bay
to, bieu 16 trong van ban.
2. Hieu moi quan he y nghia cua van ban do tdc gia xay dung v^ to chuc nen.
3. Khang dinh muc dich, y do, ngi dung thuc hien, tien gia dinh.
4. Danh gia tu tuang ciia tac gia.
5. Sap nhap, hoa dong thong tin va tu tuang ciia tac gia vai tri thuc va kinh nghiem
phu hgp cua nguai dgc""*.
GS.TS. Trin Dinh Su da chi ra mot s6 ngi dung quan trgng ve dgc hieu: "Mot, dgc Ik
qui trinh tiep nhan y nghia tir van ban, t§t phai hieu ngon ngu ciia van ban (ngon ngii dan
t
toe, ngon ngii nghe thuat, ngon ngii hi loai ciia van ban"; phai dua vao tinh tich cue cua
ehu hi (hung thii, nhu eSu, nang lue) va tac dong qua lai giua chii the va van ban. Hai,
t
dgc la qua trinh giao tiep va doi thoai vai nguai tao ra van ban (tac gia, xa hgi, van hoa).
Ba, dgc la qua trinh tieu dung van hoa van ban (huong thu, giai tri, hgc tap). Bon, dgc la
qua trinh tao ra cac nang lire nguai (nang lue hieu minh, hieu van hoa va hieu the giai).
Nhu the dgc la mot hoat dong van hoa co tam nhan loai va y nghia giao due sau sac"^.
Tac gia eon neu len suy nghi cua minh ve "hieu" trong "dgc hieu". Theo ong, "hieu" co

'• '"Nguyen Thanh Hung, Kinang doc hiiu Van, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, 2014, tr. 34 - 35.
" Nguyin Thanh Hung, Nuoi duomg va xa Idnh y nghia cua tam ngir hoc trong doc hieu van chuang.
Tap chi Khoa hoc Giao due, s6 80, 2012, tr. 26.
' Tran Dinh Su, Van ban van hoc va doc hieu van ban, in trong Tai lieu tap hudn giao vien truang
c/iuy^n - A/on A'gi? van. Bo Giio dye D^o tao, 2011.