Page 99 - Hướng Dẫn Thi THPT Quốc Gia Môn Văn

den each ngat cau. Ngon tir phai lam sao dien ta sat, trung ban chat ciia d6i tugng, dieu
minh muon noi. Gipng van lam sao phai hop vdi van de, vdi noi dung, nhieu khi nhu c6
hinh CO khoi, giau nhip dieu. Viet van cung nhu giao tiep trong ddi s6ng, khong nen hai
hudc khi can trii tinh cam thuong va ngugc lai. Giong dieu lai van khi phan U'ch than
phan tui nhuc cimg sue song tiem tang ciia nhan vat M i (Va chong A Phu) tk nhien can
khac voi khi phan ti'ch cac nhan vat trong So do chang han. Phan tich cau tha cu6i cua bai
Day thon Vi Dg (Ai biet tinh ai co dam da?) c6 the viet ring do la mot Idi hoi ck len day
khac khoai. Trong chu khac khodi nay c6 udc mong tha thi6t tan cung nhung cung ngam
ngui, xa xot den tan cung. No khan thi^t ma dau ddn. No dung vdi canh ngo Han Mac Tii
khi ay. Nhan day, chiing toi thSy can luu y mot dieu: khong nen ikm rung cam noi Idi van
qua cac cau cam than, qua nhung Idi "ho to gpi giat" kieu "chao di... ", "dep lam sao...",
"hay biet bao nhieu... ". Neu lam dung mot each ngay tho, neu "nguy trang" cho tam hon
ngheo n ^ ciia minh theo kieu ay, bki van se trd nen sao rong, nhieu khi bu6n cudi. Rung cam
phai that su xuat phat tu day long, tu su "va le" ciia chinh minh. Khi 4y, no tir toat len trong y
tir, trong gipng dieu bai van ma ngudi doc khong kho nhan ra.
Tren day la cac yeu cau ca ban ve kien thuc, ki nang ciia mot b^i van nghi luan van
hoc. Tuy theo van de, doi tugng nghi luan, dac biet tuy theo the loai tac ph§m ma moi
dang bai lai c6 cac yeu ckx, doi hoi cdc phuong phdp rieng.
2. Yeu cau, ki nang cff ban vol timg dang nghi luan van hoc
2.1. Nghi luan ve tdc pham thof trie fink (doan tha, bai tha)
a) Can thdm nhap, phan tich tdc phdm tha tnr tinh bang tat cd torn hon, tinh cam cua minh
Thoat nghe, chac c6 ngudi khong khoi nghi rang nguyen tac nay "chung chung",
"giao dieu" qua. KI thirc, day chinh la cai goc, diem khdi dau de c6 the den vdi mot tac
pham van chuong, dac biet la tho ca.
Tdc pham van chuong cd gid tri 1^ mot hien tugng tham mi dpc ddo, dugc s^g tao
theo quy luat rieng cua tinh cam. No tiem an kha nang khoi ggi d ngudi dpc nhung rung
dpng sau xa. Vi the, nguyen tac trudc tien doi vdi ngudi tim hieu, ddnh giS tdc phim van
hpc la phai den vdi no bang tat ca tam hon, tinh cam ciia minh. Khong phai ngau nhien
ma cac tu "cam thu", "thudng thiic" dugc dimg thudng xuyen trong hoat dpng sang tao,
tiep nhan, phe binh van hpc nghe thuat va hau nhu chi diing d linh vuc nay.
Le Quy Don tung chi ra ba loai ngudi khi tiep xuc vdi tho van: "Van Tii noi:
Bac thugng hpc lay than ma nghe, bac trung hpc lay tam ma nghe, bac ha hpc lay tai ma
nghe; tai nghe thi hpc d bi phu, tam nghe thi hpc d ca nhuc, than nghe thi hpc d cot tuy".
Mot ngudi hpc van c6 y thiic la ngudi c6 gang thoat khdi bac ha hpc, ngay cang vuan den
bac trung hpc rdi thugng hpc.
I .1. Doi vdi ngudi lam bai nghi luan ve tdc pham tha, cang can phai nhan manh vai tro

ciia tinh cam, ciia sir rung cam. Tha la tieng noi hon nhien nhat cua mot dieu hon di tim
nhung tam hon dong dieu. Trong phuong thiic tru tinh nay, nhiing cam xiic, rung dpng
ciia con ngudi trudc cupc song dugc bpc 16 true tiep, chan tinh va tu nhien. Mot bai tho

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