Page 97 - Hướng Dẫn Thi THPT Quốc Gia Môn Văn

1. Yeu cau chung

1.1. Can cir vao hoan cdnh lich sit- cu the, vdo tam the vd y do sang tdc cua tdc gid de
hieu dung, hieu sdu tdc phdm
Tac pham van chuang dugc sinh thanh trong mot moi truong lich su, xa hoi, van ho^
nhat dinh, dong thai mang dau an tinh than cua ca nhan nha van. Neu tach no khoi moi
truong nay chang khac nao dua con ca ra khoi nuac. Bai th6, de hieu dung, hieu sau tac
pham, nguoi phan tich cSn tra no ve voi hoan canh sinh thanh cu the, cSn van dung nhung
hieu biet ve Ijch six, xa hoi, van hoa, can can cu vao tam the, y do sang tac cu the ciia nha
van. Phan tich cac bai tho viet ve nguoi chien sT ve quoc nhu Tdy Tien ciia Quang Dung,
Dong chi ciia Chinh Huu, ta khong the khong dat chiing vao hoan canh dat nuoc thicu thon,
gian kho a nhung nam dau cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap, vao dong tha viet ve
anh bg dgi liic bay gia vdd nhiing thanh cong va han che nhSt dinh. Khi hieu Tdy Tien dugc
viet trong "noi nha choi vai" cua Quang Diing, chiing ta mai c6 the phan tich ki dac sac
cua nhieu hinh anh, cua gigng dieu trS tinh trong bai tha. Dat Viet Bdc vao thai diem dac
biet, buac ngoat Ian lao ciia dai s6ng dan tgc (thang 10/1954), chiing ta mai hilu diing
gia tri ciia bai tho. Ra dai a budc ngoat nay, Viet Bdc c6 y nghia t6ng kSt cac chang
duong lich sii cua dan toe gan bo ciing can cir dja each mang, chien khu khang chien, 1^
ban anh hung ca ve each mang va khang chien, ban tinh ca ve dai song tam hon phong
phii, cao dep ciia con nguai Viet Nam... Mat khac, d6i vdi cac tac ph2m ciing de tai,
chiing ta cung rat can su hieu biet ve dac diem phong each moi nha van, nha tha, but phap
ciia tung tac gia de lam sang to cai hay rieng a tung tac pham.
1.2. Phdi dam bdo tinh thong nhdt hiiri cogiim noi dung vd hinh thiiv cua tdc pham

Khi phan tich, binh giang tac pham van chuang can tranh hai khuynh huang:
- Chi giang giai qua noi dung cu the ciia van ban roi lay do lam cai cd de tan duong,
ca nggi mot each chung chung. Khuynh hudng nay bien tdc pham van chuang thanh mot
tac pham tuyen truyen, chinh trj va de lam cho bai nghi luan tro th^nh sao rong.
- Qua sa da v^o nhirng chi tiet nghe thuat vun vat, cham chiit vao tia tot cau ehii
ma khong neu dugc gia tn bieu dat ciia cac yeu to hinh thiic do. Khuynh hudng nay
kho di den phat hien nghia li ciia van ban tac pham, chi ra cac tSng Idp y nghia dugc
ham chiia.
Khi nghi luan ve mot tac pham van hoc, can xem xet noi dung phan anh, tinh
cam, tu tudng cua nha van da dugc the hien qua phuang thuc, biit phap nhu the nao;
ngugc lai, cac yeu to hinh thuc c6 gia tri gi trong viec bieu dat noi dung. Phan tich noi
dung tuc la giang giai, danh gia mot noi dung dang dugc bieu hien qua mot hinh thiic
cu the. Phan tich hinh thuc chinh la phan tich qua trinh xam nhap cua hinh thuc iy
vao noi dung, danh gia sue manh bieu dat noi dung ciia hinh thuc §y. Bai nghj luan van
hoc toi ki loi phat bieu y kien mot each chung chung hoac chi "dien n5m" noi dung.
Muon binh diing, binh hay, trade tien phai phan tich diing, giang sau. Giang c6 nghia
la kham pha, giai thich noi dung, y nghia cua tac pham, la phan tich, khSng dinh

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